Amoxicillin. Buy Amoxicillin online. Amoxicillin oral
What is Amoxicillin?
Amoxicillin is a semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotic which a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Amoxicillin is a 4-hydroxyl analogue of ampicillin. The medication is used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms.
How does the medication work?
Amoxicillin's action mechanism is similar to all beta-lactam antibiotics. Bactericidal effects arouses from inhibiting the formation of bacterial cell wall. The main target of Amoxicillin action is penicillin-binding bacterial proteins which discharge a function of enzymes (ferments) at the ultimate stage of peptidoglycan synthesis. Peptidoglycan (or murein) is a polymer which consists of amino acids and carbohydrates. Murein covers the surface of bacterial plasma membrane forming cell wall. The blockage of murein synthesis results in bacterial lysis. Amoxicillin exerts bactericidal action against aerobic gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus spp. (with the exception of strains producing penicillinase), Streptococcus spp; as well as aerobic gram-negative bacteria: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp. Microorganisms which produce penicillinase are resistant to amoxicillin. In combination with Metronidazole Amoxicillin oral possesses bactericidal activity against Helicobacter pylori. It is considered that the medication inhibits the resistance of Helicobacter pylori to Mentronidazole.
There is cross-resistance between Ampicillin and amoxicillin. The spectrum of antibacterial activity is expanding when amoxicillin is used in combination with beta-lactamases inhibitors such as clavulanic acid. In this combination amoxicillin is active against Bacteroides spp., Legionella spp., Nocardia spp., Pseudomonas (Burkholderia) pseudomallei. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and a lot of other gram-negative bacteria remain resistant to the medication.
Which is Amoxicillin oral pharmacokinetics?
After oral administration Amoxicillin is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood circulation. Cmax of amoxicillin in plasma is reached after 1-2 hours. Food intake does not affect the absorption of the medication. Amoxicillin binds to plasma proteins by 20%. The antibiotic is widely distributed in tissues and body fluids. The concentration of amoxicillin in liver is very high. Half life period is 1-1.5 h. nearly 60% of the oral dose is excreted unchanged with the urine. In administration of amoxicillin at dose 250mg, the concentration in urine is 300mcg/ml. In infants and elderly patients the amount of amoxicillin can be higher. Only a small of amount of amoxicillin penetrates through the blood brain barrier.
When Amoxicillin oral is prescribed?
Amoxicillin is indicated for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases caused by bacteria which are not resistant to the medication:
· Infectious diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract and otolaryngology (tonsillitis, acute otitis media, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, lung abscesses, whooping cough);
Infectious diseases of the urogenital system (urethritis, pyelonephritis, pyelitis, prostatitis, epididymitis, cystitis, uncomplicated gonorrhea)
· Infectious-inflammatory processes in gynecology (septic abortion, adnexitis, endometritis, and others).
· Infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (typhoid fever, paratyphoid)
· Infectious diseases caused by salmonella, shigella
Infectious-inflammatory processes of the bile passages (cholangitis, cholecystitis).
· The treatment of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease (in combination with omeprazole, metronidazole):
· Skin and soft tissue infections
· Sexually transmitted infections (gonorrhea)
Amoxicillin oral can also be used in:
· Infections prophylaxis in patients having surgical interventions
· Infectious meningitis
· Sepsis
In therapy of infectious diseases caused by bacteria which are not resistant penicillin G, it is recommended to give preference to amoxicillin.
Amoxicillin oral is licensed to treat the above infectious diseases only when they are caused by sensitive to the preparations microorganisms. Not all of the microorganism will respond to the drug. Some of the microorganisms have different resistance patterns in some countries. It means that some of the bacterial strains (usually sensitive to amoxicillin) may be resistant in certain countries or areas. The medication is ineffective for the treatment of viral infection (common cold or flu infections).
In certain cases your health care provider to make some tests to determine if the bacteria are sensitive to amoxicillin. In mild and moderate infections a health care provider may prescribe this drug without prior examinations.
When the medication should not be used?
Amoxicillin oral is contraindicated in patients with:
· Mononucleosis
· Lympholeukosis
· Severe infections of the gastrointestinal tract accompanied by diarrhea and vomiting
· Respiratory viral infections
· Allergic diathesis
· Bronchial asthma
· Hay fever
· Phenylketonuria
· Severe kidney diseases (renal failure)
· Liver failure, jaundice
· Known reactions of hypersensitivity to any of the drug ingredients or other beta-lactam antibiotics.
Patients with allergic reactions to cephalosporins can also be allergic to amoxicillin.
When Amoxicillin is used in combination with metronidazole contraindications are: diseases of the central nervous system, disorders of the hemopoietic system, lympholeukosis, and infectious mononucleosis.
The medication should not be used in pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers. Amoxicillin is a pregnancy category B meaning that is probably safe to take the medicine during pregnancy. However, there are not enough clinical studies which could confirm the safety of the medication during pregnancy.
How the medication is taken?
You should take the medicine exactly as prescribed by your doctor. You should completely finish the entire course of treatment even if you start feeling much better. This will help to avoid the development of secondary infections. Tablets should be taken with a glass of water swallowing as a whole. Tablets should not be crashed or chewed. It is preferably to take the medicine at the same time every day.
Which side effects are possible with the medication?
Amoxicillin oral may cause different side effects. However, the most of patients do not experience any side effects. The medication was extensively studied in a lot of clinical trials and the following side effects were observed:
Allergic reactions: urticaria, erythema, angioedema, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, in rare cases - fever, joint pain, eosinophilia, in very rare cases - anaphylactic shock. The most common Amoxicillin side effects include: bloody or watery diarrhea, sings of liver damage, abdominal pain, dark urine, the development of fungal infection, anxiety, confusion, agitation. The less common Amoxicillin side effects include:
· Insomnia
· Tooth discoloration
· Vomiting
· Nausea
· Dizziness
The effects associated with chemotherapeutic effects: possible development of superinfections (particularly in patients with chronic diseases or low resistance of the organism).
In prolonged use and using high doses: dizziness, ataxia, confusion, depression, peripheral neuropathy, seizures.
When used in combination with metronidazole: nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, constipation, epigastric pain, glossitis, stomatitis; in rare cases - hepatitis, pseudomembranous colitis, allergic reactions (urticaria, angioedema), interstitial nephritis, a violation of hematopoiesis.
When used in combination with clavulanic acid: cholestatic jaundice, hepatitis; rarely - erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis, exfoliative dermatitis.
Amoxicillin oral special cautions
The medication should be used with caution in patients with predisposition to allergic reactions. Amoxicillin is combination with metronidazole is not recommended to use in patients under 18 years of age, it should not be used in patients with liver diseases. It is not recommended to take alcohol during the treatment.
Amoxicillin overdose
It is not recommended to exceed the recommended doses. In cases of overdose the medication cause the signs of kidney damage, even renal failure may occur. Also high doses of the medication may cause severe bloody or watery diarrhea.
Amoxicillin overdose treatment includes:
· The use of diuretics
· Intravenous infusion of fluids (if necessary)
· Dialysis
How the medication can interact with other medicines?
Amoxicillin oral should not be applied with:
· Allopurinol. The medication increases the risk of skin rash
· Hormonal birth control pills. Amoxicillin may make hormonal contraceptives ineffective
· Other antibiotics. Some antibiotics may make the medications less effective
· Methotrexate. Amoxicillin may increase the blood levels of Methotrexate
· Probenicid may increase the blood levels of the medication
· Typhoid vaccine. The medication may change the effectiveness of Typhoid vaccine.
· NSAID's may increase the blood levels of Amoxicillin
It is not recommended to take Amoxicillin with alcohol.
How the medication should be stored?
The medication should be stored at room temperature out of reach or children. Protect from direct light and keep the medication at dry place.
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